Instead of calling an API, agents can just use functions in a REPL. They can also write new views and improve the program if they run into an issue. Honestly, pretty amazing stuff.
Being able to design a program specifically for the workflow I want is pretty neat. There's some vibeslop jank, but Emacs is a little bit jank too.
Thank you for checking it out! Fair warning, it's vibeslop and I really don't have a clue what I'm doing. I have very little background in compilers or FP or really anything. I'm honestly just shocked at how well it works.
If you want to kick the tires on it or even if you just find it interesting, please feel free to reach out! I'm kind of obsessed with this thing now, and would love and appreciate any feedback
Hmm, pandoc? Surely....
M-x org-import-<TAB>
Amazing how much value you got with 400 LoC (even though it's relying on multiple libraries).
Us engineers are used to the tools we use being flexible. It's only as we need tooling to be palatable to other audiences they become more constrained. For non technical people, malleable may as well mean complicated.
We're going to see this change, but breaking this concept out of engineering is an uphill battle.
Pre-existing (or importable) ELisp functions are kinda similar, just a slightly higher level of user skill.
Encapsulate the hard parts in libraries, ship the topmost layer as codegen templates that depend on those libraries, and let agents / devs modify that topmost layer to their heart's content. This often beats putting everything in libraries and having to expose customization points everywhere.
This is the approach taken by the Shadcn UI library (which became popular just as agents entered the scene), but it generalizes far beyond UI.
That said, I wonder what the successor to emacs looks like (or what the next generation of it will improve).
Nice article.
I always have to think the "the world if" meme when I think about what would have happened if the whole Engelbart, Licklider, Alan Kay school of thought had won out
I've gone much deeper into type checking since then, but I still like simple, dynamic scripting.
I've heard "functional core, imperative edges" and I feel like that kind of applies to static vs dynamic. I think there's a lot of cases where exposing a scripting language is a perfectly sane and good design pattern.
I'm not sure Emacs fits that category, hah, but it's just so dang useful.
I had not heard of control theory, I appreciate this
Might be more recognized from the X Window System design principles rather:
> Provide mechanism rather than policy. In particular, place user interface policy in the clients' hands.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System_protocols_and_...
It wasn't part of the original Unix philosophy, but I see that went through several revisions.
Between custom keybinds, hot strings, and pop-up menus I have literally hundreds of tiny AHK scripts running 24/7. I'm pretty sure there's stuff I've literally forgotten is an AHK vs an actual part of Windows. It's all just ingrained in my muscle memory at this point.
We never went away from it. It's how a significant amount of computer use has always been. Smalltalk, Oberon, Lisp Machines (mentioned by sibling), they were always minority systems.
There was a brief time when maybe home computers could have leaned this way, but that lasted until VisiCalc. What sold computers was software that turned them from clay to be molded by the user into a defined tool. People prefer appliances (or were convinced to prefer appliances), and appliances make more money for businesses than distributing programs as a Smalltalk package would have.
The simple answer here is still likely the best one: Smalltalk and Lisp Machine systems were expensive and proprietary right at the same time that Unix and C became free (and therefore ran everywhere)
Even with commercial UNIXes, it was extra on top of standard UNIX developer SKU.
Same with Ada, by the way.
If you treat data and code the same, it's hard to separate code from data. If you're writing a program for a single machine on which it should be used, that's fine, but if you want to write your code once and run it across many machines, that's a problem.
ERP systems are a bit like this; system owners (businesses) are often able to change any part of the system they want. Predictably, this makes version upgrades an incredible pain and often locks companies into an unsupported proprietary fork of a 20-year-old version of their CRM.
On Mac using something like PyObjC, maybe coupled with Xonsh, could do the trick.
I was demonstrating the work I'd done at the UMD Human Computer Interaction Lab on a color Sun 3/60 that Sun lent me to use at their booth, which happened to be right across from the NeXT booth.
Ben Shneiderman dragged Steve Jobs over to the Sun booth, and I gave him a NeWS demo for about half an hour: HyperTIES, UniPress Emacs, pie menus, PostScript windows in arbitrary shapes — the Hubble Space Telescope in orbit, Bill Joy's head popping up when you pointed at it, that kind of thing. Jobs has RELIGION about UI, and he argued wonderfully. He also has volume. On the show floor, in a suit and tie, he was jumping up and down yelling:
"That sucks! That sucks! Wow, that's neat! That sucks!"
Not discouraged, I figured one neat to three sucks was a good score from Steve Jobs. When I explained how flexible NeWS was -- programmable PostScript in the window system, malleable windows, extensible UI, transforming all menus of all apps into pie menus, etc -- he told me:
"I don't need flexibility -- I got my window system right the first time!"
Okay, agree to disagree. Then I gave him a free NeWS "NeRD" button, which he gracefully accepted, then he departed leaving my reality intact and undistorted.
So empthought's joke isn't far from the design philosophy. NeXT was world-class software, but malleability for the user was exactly what Jobs was proud of not offering. That's a big part of why the Emacs / NeWS / PostScript / Smalltalk / Self / Oberon / JavaScript / AJAX branch of computing and the Mac / NeXT / Display PostScript / Objective C / Cocoa branch diverged.
More context from that week:
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=17098824
Also, during the conference I was giving essentially the same rolling demos to anyone who walked by, and some scruffy looking dude was hanging out and watched the whole series until it looped back to Emacs, then he finally remarked "I used to use EMACS on ITS." (i.e. the original TECO version)
...I said "Wow, what was your user name? Mine was A2DEH@AI!" and he replied "WNJ".
Only then did I realize I had been giving demos to Bill Joy, the author of VI, of UniPress Emacs for NeWS, and of HyperTIES embedded graphical pop-up links demo with his own inflatable pop-up head. I didn't recognize him because he'd shaved his beard!
HyperTIES founders storyboard: https://donhopkins.com/home/ties/emacs/founders.st0
Bill Joy's Head Target: https://donhopkins.com/home/ties/emacs/obj/founder.curly.tn0
NeWS PostScript pop-up target class: https://donhopkins.com/home/ties/target.ps
At least it wasn't RMS, who would have immediately objected strongly to the "Evil Software Hoarder" version of Emacs I was using.
Here are some examples of not-locked-down NeWS user interfaces:
HCIL Demo - HyperTIES Browsing:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZi4gUjaGAM
HCIL Demo - HyperTIES Authoring with UniPress Emacs on NeWS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhmU2B79EDU
Just the Pie Menus from All the Widgets:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOLS9I_tdKE
Ben Shneiderman, Don Hopkins, and pie menus in Spring 1989 on a Sun Workstation, running NeWS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Fne3j7cWzg
Nelson Spins Pip While Emacs Watches:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRaD5zH3Qdg
(Oops that was a different Emacs, my cat.)
Dave Winer's Frontier (UserTalk) is the piece these threads usually skip. Frontier 1.0 shipped in January 1992 -- the same month Apple finally held its one-day scripting developer conference, after years of canceling and restarting AppleScript.
Winer's history:
http://scripting.com/dwiner/historyOfFrontier.html
UserTalk wasn't bolted on. It was registered as an OSA dialect: Script Editor, HyperCard, Nisus ("Do Script"), and other OSA hosts could run UserTalk, not only Frontier.
Manual:
http://scripting.com/frontier/manual/chapter01.html
UserTalk as OSA dialect:
https://sbc.apeth.com/frontierDef/ch34.html
What made it malleable in practice: syntax is an outline (code and data are the same tree); object DB + interpreter + outliner in one app; and one of the most complete Apple Events client/server stacks on the Mac -- I used Frontier and Radio Userland to automate other apps heavily, often before their AppleScript dictionaries caught up.
So yes: OSA/AppleScript was malleable computing at the OS layer if you count UserTalk and HyperCard and scriptable apps, not only Apple's English-like syntax. AppleScript won the namespace; that doesn't mean nobody used the layer. SoftTalker's teachers weren't the crowd wiring Finder, FileMaker, HyperCard, and CGI with UserTalk.
Later the same core powered Manila, Radio Userland, RSS, OPML, XML-RPC. Short timeline:
https://eclecticlight.co/2025/02/22/a-brief-history-of-scrip...
I've posted about this at length before on HN — ThinkTank, MORE, UserTalk, Apple Events, Radio Userland, the whole outline-as-language lineage. Two long ones:
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30871497
(on Excel / visual data models — why we still need "Google Trees", and how Frontier got there from MORE)
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26217472
(on Xanadu open source, Hugh Daniel in the winged cap, and why hypertext without a scripting language is hyper-crap)
Index post linking several of these threads:
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=21170434
Excerpts from the first (30871497):
The thing that's missing from "Google Docs" is a decent collaborative outliner called "Google Trees", that does to "NLS" and "Frontier" what "Google Sheets" did to "VisiCalc" and "Excel".
And I don't mean "Google Wave", I mean a truly collaborative extensible visually programmable spreadsheet-like outliner with expressions, constraints, absolute and relative xpath-like addressing, and scripting like Google Sheets, but with a tree instead of a grid. That eats drinks scripts and shits JSON and XML or any other structured data.
Dave Winer ... originally developed a wonderful outliner on the Mac originally called "ThinkTank" and then "MORE", which later evolved into the "Frontier" programming language, and ultimately the "Radio Free Userland" desktop blogging and RSS syndication tool.
More was great because it had a well designed user interface and feature set with fluid "fahrvergnügen" that made it really easy to use with the keyboard as well as the mouse.
After the success of MORE, he went on to develop a scripting language whose syntax (for both code and data) was an outline. Kind of like Lisp with open/close triangles instead of parens! It had one of the most comprehensive implementation of Apple Events client and server support of any Mac application, and was really useful for automating other Mac apps, earlier and in many ways better than AppleScript.
Then XML came along, and he integrated support for XML into the outliner and programming language, and used Frontier to build "Aretha", "Manila", and "Radio Userland".
He used Frontier to build a fully programmable blogging and podcasting platform, with a dynamic HTTP server, a static HTML generator, structured XML editing, RSS publication and syndication, XML-RPC client and server, OPML import and export, and much more.
Excerpts from the second (26217472):
I was a "random turist" high school kid visiting the AI lab on a pilgrimage. That was when I first met Hugh Daniel: this energetic excited big hairy hippie guy in a Xanadu baseball cap with wings, who I worked with later, hacking NeWS. Hugh and I worked together for two different companies porting NeWS to the Mac.
The fact that Xanadu didn't have a built-in extension language was a disappointment, since extensibility was an essential ingredient to the success of Emacs, HyperCard, Director, and the World Wide Web.
Anyway, my take on all this hyper-crap is that it's useless without a good scripting language. I think that's why Emacs was so successful, why HyperCard was so important, what made NeWS so interesting, why HyperLook was so powerful, why Director has been so successful, how it's possible for you to read this discussion board served by Frontier, and what made the World Wide Web what it is today: they all had extension languages built into them.
If you're into malleable computing and you've never looked at outline-as-language systems (Frontier/UserTalk, MORE, later outliner-programming ideas), you're missing half the Mac story — the half that shipped before AppleScript stabilized.
Most of those ERP systems are a pain, because all those changes where spread across several contractors, each doing their own little silo while keeping everything else running.
SaaS products are basically the Smalltalk approach, and they aren't going away, in fact they are doubling down with iPaaS and AI agentic tooling.
In such business domains, classical backend coding is almost gone, what is left are serverless, microservices, many of which are slowly being exposed as MCP tools.
That's not true. GToolkit (built on Pharo Smalltalk) integrates tightly with Git for VCS and Rust via FFI for external libraries. It integrates with external Python and JavaScript through IPC. The same IPC mechanism is used to work around the GIL (the same way Python used to do with the multiprocessing library).
Squeak descendants are also not the only Smalltalks available. Smalltalk/X is polyglot, supports Java and C code inline, and has a native AOT compiler (through C). Smalltalk/X and VisualWorks have built-in version control, namespaces, and packages with visibility modifiers.
TL;DR: a live Smalltalk environment doesn't have to be an isolated island. The most popular open-source Smalltalks come from education and hobbyist coding, so they tend to miss a lot of "programming in the large" conveniences, but that's just a historical accident. There's no technical reason why a Smalltalk that's integrated into a wider ecosystem and suited for large teams couldn't exist.
Please correct me if I'm wrong and things changed in the meantime. I really want GToolkit to be a complete IDE.
Until then I'll wistfully watch from the sidelines, dipping my toe in from time to time.
That's not something I ever thought I needed, though there is some support for syntax highlighting for JavaScript and Python, I think. I don't think GT is supposed to be a general-purpose, polyglot IDE: it's a bit more specialized than that, IIUC.
I'm leaving the off-topic rant below; it's a bit too long to just delete :(
> Please correct me if I'm wrong and things changed in the meantime.
Sadly, you're not wrong, and as an Emacs user (since 2012) myself, I share your reservations. The text editing widgets in GToolkit are usable, but nowhere near what you get in Emacs. Multiple cursors, iedit, re-builder/visual-regex, editable occur, AST-based editing (paredit/combobulate) are just some of the features I use regularly in Emacs which are (and will be, for a long time) missing in GT. On the flip side, rich formatting, inline images, and interactive widgets are way easier to implement in GT than in Emacs, and Lepiter is a good alternative to Org.
The conventional answer to that is that you shouldn't need those more advanced editing features when working with Smalltalk: the method bodies should be short, you should be using refactoring commands instead of hand-editing code in many places at once, and you should just auto-format after each edit. Even if it's not technically incorrect, I don't like that answer. Because this is the Smalltalkers' mindset (on average), things like LSP implementation (or other support) for external editors[1] never gained traction.
Without writing an $EDITOR-GT wiring yourself, the best you can currently do is some level of external integration. You can add a context menu option like "Edit in Emacs" in GT that will run emacsclient on a temporary file with the method body dumped. It's obviously underwhelming: you have either a powerful editor (Emacs), or a smart editor (GT), and you have to deal with two completely different UIs. Yes, it's bad. It's still better than trying to use just GT for all editing, though.
I ended up structuring my GT project a bit like a Web app. The sources on disk are a source of truth, and coding agents work with them. I have scripts that load the Git repo into a fresh image and either run the tests, run a one-time eval, or open the GT GUI (equivalent of loading a page and opening DevTools in the browser). In GT, I have an Emacs escape hatch for editing, and I use the Git tool to export any changes back to disk. So far, it works OK, though it's closer to how you work with Common Lisp images than traditional Smalltalk "100% in-image" development. It's not ideal, but it allows me to leverage GT while still integrating other tools into the project.
[1] There were attempts in the past; for Emacs, somebody wrote a frontend to Smalltalks called `shampoo`. It's been 14 years since the last commit.
For others like me who hadn't heard the word "fahrvergnügen", it translates to "pleasure of driving". From German fahren ("to drive") + Vergnügen ("pleasure/enjoyment"). The term was popular in advertisements for Volkswagen vehicles, which seem to have certain affinity to Apple products (past and now, good and bad sides).
Dave Winer's personal site is still up and running on UserLand Frontier! http://davewiner.userland.com/default
> ..how I got involved in outlining while I was learning about programming on my way to doing an BBS which turned out to be an outliner which turned out to be part of a scripting system.
> the idea came from LISP programming systems that had hierarchic program editors. I wanted to see if the same thing could be done for Pascal. The result was a development system that ran on PDP-11s under Unix that viewed and edited source code as a tree. This embryonic outliner could dive and surface, displaying one level of the hierarchy at a time. Programmers could edit the structure of their programs directly.
Fascinating stuff, this is like a structural/projectional editor for oulines and documents, extensible with scripting. Well, I have a dozen tabs open now, I'll enjoy reading through them. The Frontier manual with little screenshots of classic Macintosh interface is sweet, nostalgic and inspires me to imagine what a new take on the idea might look like, with modern web tech and benefit of hindsight.
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